Dust Hakida Referat

Dust is able to communicate with humans via several methods shown throughout His Dark Materials and The Book of Dust, including by use of alethiometers. Mary Malone is able to construct a computer program that, when paired with a detector, can communicate with Dust by typed questions. Apr 06, 2006  The carcinogenic exposures are mainly inhalatory and the authors therefore studied associations between occupational exposure to eight different organic dusts and respiratory cancers in Finland. (CI) adjusted for age, period, and social class were calculated for each organic dust using the economically active population as the.

Methods The authors followed up a cohort of all economically active Finns born between 1906 and 1945 for 30 million person‐years during 1971–95. Incident cases of nasal, laryngeal, and lung cancer and mesotheliomas were identified through a record linkage with the Finnish Cancer Registry. Occupations from the population census in 1970 were converted to exposures to eight organic dusts with a job‐exposure matrix (FINJEM).

Cumulative exposure (CE) was calculated as a product of prevalence, level, and estimated duration of exposure. Standardised incidence ratios (SIR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) adjusted for age, period, and social class were calculated for each organic dust using the economically active population as the reference. Results A total of 20 426 incident cases of respiratory cancer were observed. Slightly increased risk was observed among men exposed to wood dust for nasal cancer (SIR 1.42, 95% CI 0.79 to 2.44). For laryngeal cancer, men exposed to plant dust (mainly grain millers) had a raised SIR in the high exposure class (SIR 3.55, 95% CI 1.30 to 7.72). Men exposed to wood dust had a raised SIR for lung cancer, but only in the low exposure class (SIR 1.11, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.18). Women exposed to wood dust showed an increased SIR for mesotheliomas in the low exposure class (SIR 4.57, 95% CI 1.25 to 11.7) and some excess in the medium exposure category.

Organic dusts are established causes of respiratory tract irritation and allergy but their significance as occupational carcinogens is mostly unknown. Exposure to organic dusts occurs in many industries and occupations, and the number of people exposed is high. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has published monographs on cancer risks in the textile, leather, and wood industries where exposure to organic dusts is frequent.,, Textile manufacturing industry has been classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans (group 2B) by the IARC. There is limited evidence that the risk of cancer of the nasal cavity among weavers is increased.

There is no evidence to suggest an association between work in the leather industry and respiratory cancer according to the IARC monograph. Wood dust has been classified as carcinogenic to humans (group 1) by the IARC, mainly based on evidence on nasal cancer among workers predominantly exposed to hardwood dusts. Excesses of lung cancer have been reported among bakers and tailors. An increased risk of lung cancer and pleural mesothelioma has been found in some studies also among furniture workers and in the pulp and paper industry.

An increased risk of lung cancer has been found among cardboard workers. Finnish sawmill workers have been found to have an excess of pharyngeal cancer. However, there are also studies suggesting no excess risk of respiratory cancer among woodworkers,, pulp mill workers, or paper mill workers. Because of inconclusive evidence concerning cancer risks of organic dusts, the objective of the present study was to assess associations between occupational exposure to eight different organic dusts and four types of respiratory cancer in Finland. Methods The study cohort comprised all economically active Finns born between 1906 and 1945 who participated in the national population census on 31 December 1970 (667 121 men, 513 110 women).

The census files are maintained at Statistics Finland and updated for vital status to allow exact person‐year calculation. Data on the occupation held for the longest period in 1970 were obtained from the Population Census records. The occupational classification is based on the Nordic Classification of Occupations, which is compiled on the basis of the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) published in 1958 by the International Labour Organization (ILO).

The socioeconomic status (SES) for each subject was based on the subject's own, or in some cases the spouse's, occupation. In our analyses, the SESs were categorised as farmers, higher white‐collar, clerical, skilled blue‐collar, and unskilled workers.

Bloki djenesha shemi na. FINJEM also includes alcohol (g/week) and smoking data (daily smokers) by occupation. These data were obtained from annual surveys carried out on the health behaviour of the Finnish adult population by the Finnish National Public Health Institute during 1978–91. For rare occupations in which the number of respondents in the surveys was below 20, we estimated the values by using data of larger proxy occupations. The smoking index indicated the effect of a 10% increase in the daily smoking prevalence of an occupation and alcohol index the effect of one additional drink/day. The Finnish Cancer Registry (FCR) has collected data on all cancer cases diagnosed in Finland since 1953. All physicians, hospitals, and other institutions, and all pathological, cytological, and haematological laboratories in the country must notify the FCR of all cancer cases that come to their attention.